Footnotes

• DVG and RL are joint first authors.

• Contributors RL, RG, BC, HYO and DVG contributed to the conception of the research, collection of data and drafting of the manuscript. DR contributed to the data analysis and drafting of the manuscript. HM, CP, QDN and RA contributed to the study design, data interpretation and drafting of the manuscript.

• Funding The study was partially funded by Tan Tock Seng Hospital (TTSH), Singapore which supported the research staffing hours contributed by study team members employed by the hospital (Funding/grant number: nil).

• Disclaimer Funders played no part in design and conduct of the study, collection of the data, preparation or approval of the manuscript, nor the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.

• Competing interests RL, BC and HYO are supported by grants from the National Youth Council (NYC) of Singapore and the Medical Grand Challenge (MGC) of the National University of Singapore (NUS). DVG reports investment in DoctorBell (acquired by MaNaDr, Mobile Health), VISRE, AskDr and Shyfts. He declares receipt of travel funding from the Mobile Health Education grant, Commonwealth Fellowship in Innovation award and National Youth Fund award, for clinical research training and collaborations at Oxford University and Stanford University. He reports serving as senior lecturer and faculty advisor to the medical innovation program of NUS.

• Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed.