Characteristics of the study participants
| Characteristic | Included (N=1262) | Excluded (N=112) |
| Age (years) | 47.54 (13.15) | 51.22 (14.85) |
| Females | 780 (61.81%) | 43 (38.39) |
| Self-reported metabolic conditions | ||
| Diabetes | 309 (24.48%) | 29 (25.89%) |
| High blood pressure | 362 (28.68%) | 43 (38.39%) |
| High cholesterol | 64 (5.07%) | 2 (1.79%) |
| Heart disease | 68 (5.39%) | 18 (16.07%) |
| Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) | 29.16 (5.52) | 26.77 (5.49) |
| Waist circumference (WC) (cm) | ||
| Males | 95.58 (11.62) | 90.22 (12.83) |
| Females | 93.17 (12.59) | 91.40 (14.91) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 378 (29.95%) | 37 (33.04%) |
| Pre-diabetes | 170 (13.47%) | 12 (10.71%) |
| Hypertension | 649 (51.43%) | 69 (62.16%) |
| Obesity | ||
| Indian cut-off (BMI≥25 kg/m2) | 989 (78.37%) | 70 (62.50%) |
| Universal cut-off (BMI≥30 kg/m2) | 500 (39.62%) | 31 (27.68%) |
| Central obesity | ||
| Males (WC≥90 cm) | 341 (70.75%) | 36 (52.17%) |
| Females (WC≥85 cm) | 579 (74.23%) | 28 (65.12%) |
| All | 780 (61.81%) | 64 (57.14%) |
| Dyslipidaemia | 450 (35.66%) | 29 (25.89%) |
| Insulin resistance | 447 (35.42%) | 42 (37.50%) |
| Estimated variables | ||
| HOMA-IR | 3.54 (2.40) | 3.75 (3.13) |
| HOMA-β (%) | 88.78 (22.62) | 86.42 (25.50) |
| Total body fat (%) | 37.42 (6.65) | 33.59 (8.08) |
| Laboratory investigations | ||
| Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/L) | 5.70 (2.36) | 5.92 (2.78) |
| Fasting plasma insulin (mIU/L) | 13.81 (5.77) | 13.76 (6.06) |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.08 (1.32) | 6.16 (1.34) |
| Serum C-peptide (ng/mL) | 2.66 (1.18) | 4.22 (16.89) |
| Total serum cholesterol (mg/dL) | 161.97 (31.00) | 155.30 (27.74) |
| Serum triglycerides (mg/dL) | 123.20 (45.38) | 112.60 (33.15) |
| Serum HDL (mg/dL) | ||
| Males | 54.87 (5.71) | 55.26 (6.62) |
| Females | 54.74 (5.54) | 55.73 (5.86) |
| Serum LDL (mg/dL) | 82.33 (27.26) | 77.02 (24.92) |
| Serum VLDL (mg/dL) | 24.81 (9.42) | 22.52 (6.63) |
HbA1c, haemoglobin A1c; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment - insulin resistance; HOMA-β, homeostatic model assessment - β cell function; LDL, low density lipoprotein; VLDL, very low density lipoprotein.